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Joule Unlimited, formerly known as Joule Biotechnologies, is a producer of alternative energy technologies based in Bedford, Massachusetts. The company developed a process to generate hydrocarbon-based fuel by combining non-fresh water, nutrients, cyanobacteria, carbon dioxide, and sunlight. The company planned to break ground in October 2011 on a facility to produce more than 20,000 gallons of fuel per acre per year (19,000 m3/km2·a). Helioculture uses photosynthetic organisms, but is otherwise distinct from the process that makes fuel from algae. Oils made from algae usually have to be refined into fuel following a batch process, but helioculture produces fuel directly - either ethanol or hydrocarbons - that do not need refining. The Helioculture process also does not produce biomass. This process is enabled by the discovery of unique genes coding for enzymatic mechanisms that enable the direct synthesis of both alkane, olefin, ethanol, and other key molecules.〔(Portrait of a Transformative Technology: Joule Unlimited ), Biofuels Digest, June 3, 2010〕 Helioculture allows for brackish water or graywater, nonindustrial waste water from sources such as baths and washing machines,〔(U.S. company hopes to make fuel from sunlight, CO2 ), Reuters, July 27, 2009〕 to be used, while traditional biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol require fresh water. Joule Unlimited claims that its product will be cost competitive with crude oil at $50 a barrel ($310/m3). The company also states that its product could supply all of the transportation fuel for the United States from an area the size of the Texas panhandle.〔(A Biofuel Process to Replace All Fossil Fuels ), technologyreview.com, July 27, 2009〕 Joule Unlimited has not revealed the name of the organism that it uses, although it has acknowledged that the company has modified the organism.〔(Carbon dioxide, sun, and secret ingredient are firm’s fuel recipe ), Boston Globe, July 27, 2009〕 In September, 2010, Joule received a patent for genetically altered bacterium.〔(Biotech Company to Patent Fuel-Secreting Bacterium ), New York Times, September 13, 2010〕 Joule Unlimited was founded within Flagship VentureLabs by Noubar Afeyan and David Berry. In addition to its founders, Joule's Board of Directors includes Graham Allison, Anatoly Chubais, Stelios Papadopoulos, Caroline Dorsa, and Ruben Vardanian.〔()〕 Joule's Scientific Advisory Board includes synthetic biologists George M. Church and Jim Collins. ==Audi partnership== After building a demonstration plant in New Mexico, Joule Unlimited entered into a strategic partnership with Audi in 2012 to accelerate the commercialization of their fuels, ethanol named Sunflow-E and diesel named Sunflow-D. Audi brands them as e-ethernal and e-diesel respectively.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.audi-technology-portal.de/en/mobility-for-the-future/audi-future-lab-mobility_en/audi-future-energies_en/audi-e-diesel-and-e-ethanol )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Joule Unlimited」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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